Internet,World Wide Web,Internet protocol suite,Protocol stack,Distributed computing,Computer network,Data link,Telecommunications network,
Internet Protocol,Communications protocol,
Routing,Node,Circuit switching,
Public switched telephone network,Datagram,Packet switching,Header ,
Payload ,Network packet,IP address,Network address,
Network interface,Transmission Control Protocol,
Internet Protocol,Communications protocol,
Routing,Node,Circuit switching,
Public switched telephone network,Datagram,Packet switching,Header ,
Payload ,Network packet,IP address,Network address,
Network interface,Transmission Control Protocol,
User Datagram Protocol,File Transfer Protocol,
Hypertext Transfer Protocol,HTTP/2,HTTP/2.0
Internet
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. The World Wide Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. It has become known simply as the Web.
The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking protocols defined during its development.
The protocol stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite. The terms are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the protocols, and the stack is the software implementation of them.
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a model in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages.
The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal.
Computer network
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Data link
In telecommunication a data link is the means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving digital information.
A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
In telecommunications, a communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. These are the rules or standard that defines the syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both.
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the public switched telephone network (circuit switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks.
In communication networks, a node (Latin nodus, ‘knot’) is either a connection point, a redistribution point (e.g. data communications equipment), or a communication endpoint (e.g. data terminal equipment). The definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to. A physical network node is an active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communications channel. A passive distribution point such as a distribution frame or patch panel is consequently not a node.
Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.
Public switched telephone network
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and other networks, as well as fixed telephones.
Datagram
A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network. Datagrams are typically structured in header and payload sections. The delivery, arrival time, and order of arrival need not be guaranteed by the network.
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data into suitably sized blocks, called packets, which are transmitted via a medium that may be shared by multiple simultaneous communication sessions. Packet switching increases network efficiency, robustness and enables technological convergence of many applications operating on the same network.
Packets are composed of a header and payload. Information in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software.
In information technology, header refers to supplemental data placed at the beginning of a block of data being stored or transmitted. In data transmission, the data following the header are sometimes called the payload or body.
In computing and telecommunications, a payload is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Payload does not include information sent with it such as headers or other metadata, sometimes referred to as overhead data, sent solely to facilitate payload delivery.
In computer security, payload refers to the part of malware which performs a malicious action. In the analysis of malicious software such as worms, viruses and Trojans, it refers to the software's harmful results. Examples of payloads from malware include code for deleting data, displaying messages with insulting text or sending spurious email messages to a large number of people.
A network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network. Computer communications links that do not support packets, such as traditional point-to-point telecommunications links, simply transmit data as a bit stream. When data is formatted into packets, packet switching is possible and the bandwidth of the communication medium can be better shared among users than with circuit switching.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."
A network address is an identifier for a node or network interface of a telecommunications network.
Network addresses are often designed to be unique across the network, although some networks allow for relative or local addresses that may not be unique.
More than one type of network address may be used in any one network.
In some cases, terminal nodes may have more than one network address, for example, each link interface may be uniquely identified. In addition, non terminal nodes are often assigned network addresses. Further, because protocols are frequently layered, more than one protocol's network address can occur in any particular network interface or node.
Examples of network addresses are: a telephone number in the public switched telephone network, an Internet Protocol address in the Internet, an IPX address in a local area network, an X.25/X.21 address in a circuit switched data network, a MAC address in an Ethernet network segment.
In computing, a network interface is a system's (software and/or hardware) interface between two pieces of equipment or protocol layers in a computer network.
A network interface will usually have some form of network address. This may consist of a node Id and a port number or may be a unique node Id in its own right.
Network interfaces provide standardized functions such as passing messages, connecting and disconnecting.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network. Major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration and file transfer rely on TCP. Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.
UDP uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user's program to any unreliability of the underlying network and so there is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. If error correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an application may use the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) which are designed for this purpose.
UDP is suitable for purposes where error checking and correction is either not necessary or is performed in the application, avoiding the overhead of such processing at the network interface level. Time-sensitive applications often use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for delayed packets, which may not be an option in a real-time system.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a computer network.
FTP is built on a client-server model architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS). SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is sometimes also used instead, but is technologically different.
The first FTP client applications were command-line programs developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces, and are still shipped with most Windows, Unix, and Linux operating systems.Many FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops, servers, mobile devices, and hardware, and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications, such as web page editors.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989. Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs). The first definition of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999.
A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is now supported by major web servers.
HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web. It was developed from the earlier experimental SPDY protocol, originally developed by Google.HTTP/2 was developed by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol working group (httpbis, where bis means "second") of the Internet Engineering Task Force.HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP 1.1, which was standardized in RFC 2068 in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to IESG for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014, and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015. The HTTP/2 specification was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015.
The standardization effort was supported by Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Internet Explorer 11, Safari, Amazon Silk and Edge browsers.Most major browsers added HTTP/2 support by the end of 2015.
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DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Characterization of Distributed systems
Examples of Distributed Systems
Challenges of Distributed Systems
System Models
Architectural models
Fundamental Models
Interprocess communication
The API for the Internet protocols
External Data representation and Marshalling
Client Server Communication
Group communication, Interprocess communication in UNIX
Distributed Objects and Remote Invocation
Communication between distributed objects
Remote Procedure Call
Events and Notifications
Java RMI
The Operating system layer
Protection,Processes and Threads,Operating System architecture
Distributed file Systems
File Service architecture
Sun NFS
Name services and Domain Name System
Directory Services
Time and co-ordination
Synchronizing physical clocks
logical time and logical clocks
Distributed co-ordination
distributed mutual exclusion
elections, Replication
basic architectural model
consistency and request ordering
Distributed DBMS Architecture
Distributed Database Design
Query Decomposition and Data Localization
Distributed transactions
concurrency control in distributed transactions
distributed deadlocks
transaction recovery
Internet
World Wide Web
Internet protocol suite
Protocol stack
Distributed computing
Computer network
Data link
Telecommunications network
Internet Protocol
Communications protocol
Routing
Node
Circuit switching
Public switched telephone network
Datagram
Packet switchingHeader
Payload
Network packet
IP address
Network address
Network interface
Transmission Control Protocol
User Datagram Protocol
File Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP/2
HTTP/2.0
