Bajaj Dominar 400 - Price, Technical Specifications, Launch Date, Mileage, Colours, Specs, Reviews , photos, Wallpapers - ONCLICK786

Bajaj Dominar 400

Bajaj Dominar 400 -  Price, Technical Specifications, Launch Date, Mileage, Colours, Specs, Reviews , photos, Wallpapers

Technical Specifications



ENGINE

TypeTriple spark 4-valve DTS-i engine, closed fuel injection, liquid cooledDisplacement (cc)373.3Max power (PS @ RPM)35 @ 8000Max torque (Nm @ RPM)35 @ 6500Clutch Slipper clutchGearbox6 speed


CHASSIS & SUSPENSION

FrameBeam type perimeter frameFront suspensionTelescopic, 43mm forksRear suspensionMulti-step adjustable mono shock

BRAKES & TYRES

Brakes front* (mm)Twin-channel ABS, 320 dia discBrakes rear* (mm)Twin-channel ABS, 230 dia discTyres front110/70-17 RadialTyres rear150/60-17 Radial
*Only disc brake version also available

DIMENSIONS

L X W X H (mm)2156 X 813 X 1112Wheelbase (mm)1453Ground clearance (mm)157Kerb weight (kg)182Fuel capacity (ltr)13

ELECTRICALS

Battery12V, 8Ah VRLAHeadlampFull LED with 
Auto Headlamp On (AHO)

2017 BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo - ONCLICK786

2017 BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo 

 

Fascination in spaciousness and design – that is the BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo. In self-confident style it combines powerful sporting character with inspiring size. Its athletic stature and the flowing roof line of classic coupés are a magnet for admiring glances. Wherever they are seated, passengers enjoy comfort and have individual space to spread out. Technologically, the BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo is always far ahead. With its double-round headlights in LED technology, the Head-Up Display, the dynamic BMW TwinPower turbo engines and the active rear spoiler it is a constant source of inspiration. And with the many and varied lines and equipment packages, such as the M sports package, you can adapt it to your very own personal style.

BMW 340i Gran Turismo:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 7.3–7.0
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 166–159

The figures for fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and power consumption depend on the wheel and tyre sizes selected. Fuel consumption is determined in accordance with the ECE driving cycle. The models illustrated may, in part, include optional equipment and accessories not fitted as standard.

SHOWS STRENGTH. AND DEMONSTRATES GREATNESS.

Consumption
Urban in l/100 km	8.1–7.7 [7.3–6.9]
Extra-urban in l/100 km	5.4–5.1 [5.4–5.1]
Combined in l/100 km	6.4–6.1 [6.1–5.8]
CO2 emissions combined in g/km	146–139 [139–132]
Tank capacity, approx. in l	60

Performance
Top speed in km/h	230 [229]
Acceleration 0–100 km/h in s	8.0 [8.1]

Weight
Unladen weight EU in kg	1,655 [1,675]
Max. permissible weight in kg	2,150 [2,170]
Permitted load in kg	570 [570]
Permitted axle load front/rear in kg	970/1,255 [970/1,255]

Combustion engine
Cylinders/valves	4/4
Capacity in ccm	1,998
Stroke/bore in mm	94.6/82.0
Engine power in kW (PS) at 1/min	135 (184)/5,000
Engine torque (Nm) at 1/min	290/1,350–4,250
Compression ratio : 1	11.0

Wheels
Tyre dimensions front	225/55 R17 97V
Tyre dimensions rear	225/55 R17 97V
Wheel dimensions and material front	8 J x 17 inches, light-alloy
Wheel dimensions and material rear	8 J x 17 inches, light-alloy

Penicillin , History of penicillin , general structure of penicillin, Medical uses, Susceptibility, Adverse effects, Mechanism of action, Structure - ONCLICK786

Penicillin ,  History of penicillin , general structure of penicillin, Medical uses, Susceptibility, Adverse effects, Mechanism of action, Structure  

Penicillin core structure, where "R" is the variable group.

Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest the Penicillium mould must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first to concentrate the active substance which he named penicillin in 1928, and during the next twelve years he grew and distributed the original mould, but he was not the first to use its properties in medicine. Howard Florey organized a team which involved in the mass production of penicillin include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Norman Heatley.

Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (oral use), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.

About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic.Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%. All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics.

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

Medical uses

The term "penicillin" is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G, the original penicillin found in 1928), procaine benzylpenicillin (procaine penicillin),benzathine benzylpenicillin (benzathine penicillin), and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V). Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer period of time. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is less active against gram-negative bacteria than benzylpenicillin. Benzylpenicillin, procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin can be given by intravenous or intramuscular injections, but phenoxymethylpenicillin can be given by mouth because of its acidic stability.

Susceptibility

While the number of penicillin-resistant bacteria is increasing, penicillin can still be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Streptococci, Staphylococci, Clostridium, and Listeria genera. The following list illustrates minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria:

• Listeria monocytogenes: from less than or equal to 0.06 μg/ml to 0.25 μg/ml
• Neisseria meningitidis: from less than or equal to 0.03 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml
• Staphylococcus aureus: from less than or equal to 0.015 μg/ml to more than 32 μg/ml

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (≥ 1% of people) associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria, andsuperinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include fever, vomiting, erythema, dermatitis, angioedema, seizures (especially in people with epilepsy), and pseudomembranous colitis.

About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, 90% of this group are not actually allergic. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%.

Pain and inflammation at the injection site is also common for parenterally administered benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, and, to a lesser extent, procaine benzylpenicillin.

Although penicillin is still the most commonly reported allergy, less than 20% of people who believe that they have a penicillin allergy are truly allergic to penicillin; nevertheless, penicillin is still the most common cause of severe allergic drug reactions. Significantly, there is an immunologic reaction to Streptolysin S, a toxin released by certain killed bacteria and associated with Penicillin injection, that can cause fatal cardiac syncope.

Allergic reactions to any β-lactam antibiotic may occur in up to 1% of patients receiving that agent. The allergic reaction is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01% of patients. It has previously been accepted that there was up to a 10% cross-sensitivity between penicillin-derivatives, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, due to the sharing of the β-lactam ring. Assessments in 2006 found no more risk for cross-allergy for second-generation or later cephalosporins than the first generation. However, as a general risk, research shows that all beta lactams have the intrinsic hazard of very serious hazardous reactions in susceptible patients. Only the frequency of these reactions vary, based on the structure.

Papers in 2006 showed that a major feature in determining frequency of immunological reactions is the similarity of the side chains (e.g., first generation cephalosporins are similar to penicillins); this is why the β-lactams are associated with different frequencies of serious reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis).

Mechanism of action

Bacteria that attempt to grow and divide in the presence of penicillin fail to do so, and instead end up shedding their cell walls.

Penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, which normally catalyze cross-linking of bacterial cell walls.

Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls, simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide.β-Lactam antibiotics inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall; this is achieved through binding of the four-membered β-lactam ring of penicillin to the enzyme DD-transpeptidase. As a consequence, DD-transpeptidase cannot catalyze formation of these cross-links, and an imbalance between cell wall production and degradation develops, causing the cell to rapidly die.

The enzymes that hydrolyze the peptidoglycan cross-links continue to function, even while those that form such cross-links do not. This weakens the cell wall of the bacterium, and osmotic pressure becomes increasingly uncompensated—eventually causing cell death (cytolysis). In addition, the build-up of peptidoglycan precursors triggers the activation of bacterial cell wall hydrolases and autolysins, which further digest the cell wall's peptidoglycans. The small size of the penicillins increases their potency, by allowing them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall. This is in contrast to the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin, which are both much larger than the penicillins.

Gram-positive bacteria are called protoplasts when they lose their cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria do not lose their cell walls completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin.

Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides, since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily, allowing their disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell. This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms.

Penicillins, like other β-lactam antibiotics, block not only the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, thephotosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants.

The chemical structure of penicillin is triggered with a very precise, pH-dependent directed mechanism, effected by a unique spatial assembly of molecular components, which can activate by protonation. It can travel through bodily fluids, targeting and inactivating enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria, meanwhile avoiding the surrounding non-targets. Penicillin can protect itself from spontaneous hydrolysis in the body in its anionic form, while storing its potential as a strong acylating agent, activated only upon approach to the target transpeptidase enzyme and protonated in the active centre. This targeted protonation neutralizes the carboxylic acid moiety, which is weakening of the β-lactam ring N–C(=O) bond, resulting in a self-activation. Specific structural requirements are equated to constructing the perfect mouse trap for catching targeted prey.

Structure

The term "penam" is used to describe the common core skeleton of a member of the penicillins. This core has the molecular formula R-C₉H₁₁N₂O₄S, where R is the variable side chain that differentiates the penicillins from one another. The penam core has a molecular weight of 243 g/mol, with larger penicillins having molecular weights near 450—for example, cloxacillin has a molecular weight of 436 g/mol. The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four-membered β-lactam ring; this structural moiety is essential for penicillin's antibacterial activity. The β-lactam ring is itself fused to a five-membered thiazolidine ring. The fusion of these two rings causes the β-lactam ring to be more reactive than monocyclic β-lactams because the two fused rings distort the β-lactam amide bond and therefore remove the resonance stabilisation normally found in these chemical bonds.

YouTube Gaming - ONCLICK786

YouTube Gaming

On August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts.

Growth in Gaming-Related Activities on Google and YouTube

Game engine - ONCLICK786

Game engine 

Game engine

A game engine is a software framework designed for the creation and development of video games. Developers use them to create games for consoles, mobile devices and personal computers. The core functionality typically provided by a game engine includes a rendering engine (“renderer”) for 2D or 3D graphics, a physics engine or collision detection (and collision response), sound, scripting, animation, artificial intelligence, networking, streaming, memory management, threading,localization support, scene graph, and may include video support for cinematics. The process of game development is often economized, in large part, by reusing/adapting the same game engine to create different games, or to make it easier to "port" games to multiple platforms.

Main game program

The actual game logic has of course to be implemented by some algorithms. It is distinct from any rendering, sound or input work.


Rendering engine

The rendering engine generates 3D animated graphics by the chosen method (rasterization, ray-tracing or any different technique).

Instead of being programmed and compiled to be executed on the CPU or GPU directly, most often rendering engines are built upon one or multiple rendering application programming interfaces (APIs), such as Direct3D or OpenGL which provide a software abstraction of the graphics processing unit (GPU).

Low-level libraries such as DirectX, Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL), and OpenGL are also commonly used in games as they provide hardware-independent access to othercomputer hardware such as input devices (mouse, keyboard, and joystick), network cards, and sound cards. Before hardware-accelerated 3D graphics, software renderers had been used. Software rendering is still used in some modeling tools or for still-rendered images when visual accuracy is valued over real-time performance (frames-per-second) or when the computer hardware does not meet needs such as shader support.

With the advent of hardware accelerated physics processing, various physics APIs such as PAL and the physics extensions of COLLADA became available to provide a softwareabstraction of the physics processing unit of different middleware providers and console platforms.

Game engines can be written in any programming language like C++, C or Java, though each language is structurally different and may provide different levels of access to specific functions.

Audio engine

The audio engine is the component which consists of algorithms related to sound. It can calculate things on the CPU, or on dedicated ASIC. Abstraction APIs, such as OpenAL, SDL audio, XAudio 2, Web Audio, etc. are available.

Physics engine

The physics engine is responsible for emulating the laws of physics realistically within the application.

Artificial intelligence

The AI is usually outsourced from the main game program into a special module to be designed and written by software engineers with specialist knowledge.

The flowchart above shows the architecture of the initialization of the Game Engine. The entry point is that of when the game is loaded up.